Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement free essay sample

These other considerations are often difficult to value, since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations, rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors. The BATNA is often seen by negotiators not as a safety net, but rather as a point of leverage in negotiations. Although a negotiators alternative options should, in theory, be straightforward to evaluate, the effort to understand which alternative represents a partys BATNA is often not invested. Options need to be real and actionable to be of value,[1] however without the investment of time, options will frequently be included that fail on one of these criteria. [citation needed] Most managers overestimate their BATNA whilst simultaneously investing too little time into researching their real options. [citation needed] This can result in poor or faulty decision making and negotiating outcomes. Negotiatiors also need to be aware of the other negotiators BATNA and to identify how it compares to what they are offering. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2] BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation (PON), in their series of books on Principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES, unwittingly duplicating a game theory concept pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier in his early undergraduate research. [citation needed] Contents [hide] 1 Definitions 2 Examples 2. 1 Selling a car 2. 2 Purchasing 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Definitions BATNA An acronym defined by negotiation researches Roger Fisher and William Ury which means Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. 3] It is the alternative action that will be taken if your proposed agreement with another party result in an unsatisfactory agreement or when an agreement cannot be reached. Historical Theories The Nash Equilibrium as developed by John Forbes Nash, the father of Game Theory, is described in Getting to YES[3] as the underlying idea for the concept of BA TNA in negotiation (Roger B. Myerson, April 1996). [4] In a nutshell, Nash Equilibrium theory explains that, if in a group of players, each player has in consideration the other player’s decisions, then no one will benefit from altering their decisions, if the other players haven’t either. 5] Example of Nash Equilibrium Theory Amy and Phil are in Nash Equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can, taking into account Phils decision, and Phil is making the best decision he can, taking into account Amys decision. Likewise, a group of players are in Nash Equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can, taking into account the decisions of the others. We cannot think of BATNA without first understanding the notion of negotiation. Negotiation has been part of the â€Å"business† mentality of human beings as we know it, since the beginning of mankind. Take for example the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, one of the longest ongoing negotiations of the kind, based primarily on the dispute over land (UN, 1948). We negotiate every single day of our lives; whether it is goods, commodities, ideas, positions, or money. The list could be endless. For this reason knowing how to negotiate is very important. The idea is to have all parties mutually satisfied with the results achieved through the highest standards of (Ethics) and legitimate standards. In no other time of world history as the modern days, has the ability and the necessity of knowing how to negotiate, using sophisticated tools and civil discourse been so essential to society. As explained in Getting to YES, â€Å"We are each participants in a pioneering generation of negotiators†¦ it is central to human life and the survival of our species. [3] Negotiations Concepts Leading to Good BATNA A ruthless, aggressive and cold blooded negotiation style is the framework approach most people have when it comes to negotiation,[6] a theoretical example of that is Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. 6] But in reality, as mentioned by experts and researchers such as Fisher and Ury [3] it doesn’t have to be that way. As the world moves to more sophisticated platforms of communication, negotiation follows the trend and Problem-Solving Approach(citation) is in a way, the â€Å"antidote of Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. Getting to YES[3] suggest an Interest -Based Model for the use of Problem-Solving Approach. Interest-Based Model focus on separating the person (positional) from the problems (resolution) and then concentrate on the resolution. This way allowing for both parties in a distributive way to get the results they both want. ABCs of BATNA Having a BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) as part of the negotiation is imperative as the name explains. No one should come to the negotiation table without a BATNA. [7] This will allow for intelligent negotiation and bargain zones. In addition to having a BATNA, parties should have a Bottom Line or Reservation Price. What this prevents is that neither party will come out with agreements they don’t need[3] Often, parties go to the negotiation table with what they imagine is a great BATNA. For example, how many times have you walked into a job interview with no other solid job offers in hand, let alone perspective of solid salaries, benefits and other great things you are looking for in a job. [3] The ability to be in a powerful position so the negotiation can be intelligent and satisfactory to both parties requires preparation and research. So do not cut yourself short for the lack of having a better BATNA at all times. [3] If having a good BATNA in essential, developing a BATNA is equally important. Let’s assume that you are going to work for a company that is not offering you the salary you desire. Instead, you know that they offer other perks such as, company cars, luxurious vacation homes, and state-of-the-art computers and laptops to their employees. In other words, Alternatives. [3] Attractive Alternatives is what you want to explore in order to develop a very strong BATNA. In Getting to YES, the authors give 3 suggestions of how you can accomplish this: Inventing a list of actions you might take if no agreement is reached Converting some of the more promising ideas and transforming them into tangible and partial alternatives Selecting the alternative that sounds best BATNA rules Parties should never disclose their BATNA, unless, the alternative is better. In other words, if your best alternative to a negotiated agreement is better than what the other party is offering, then disclosing it, is to your advantage. If on the other hand it is worse, then do not disclose it. BATNA in Cross Cultural Frameworks Currently in the United States and due to recent world events, there are more and more individuals with a different cultural background and approach to negotiation. When individuals come to the negotiation and bargaining table ready to use their BATNA, and one of the parties is from a different culture, there is a tremendous game change in approach. Both parties need to think and account for cultural cognitive behaviors. Both parties must expand their thinking negotiation hats by not allowing external judgment and biases to affect the negotiation. As mentioned earlier, separate the individual from the objective[3] For example imagine you are negotiating with a party from an Arab Nation. Is this going to effect your view of how you are going to negotiate? Or even if you are the party from that nation, are you prepared to receive an offer lower than your BATNA because you know you are from a different culture. The previous is a very simple example, but the purpose here as Gulliver[8] mentioned, is for negotiation parties to be aware. Disclosure This is a very new topic in negotiation and there aren’t many frameworks in place to help this scenario. Nonetheless, preparation at all levels, including prejudicial free thoughts, emotional free behavior, biases free behavior are just a few ways according to the Handbook of Negotiations and Culture[9] that can helps in the right direction. edit]Examples The following examples illustrate the basic principles of identifying the BATNA and how to use it in further negotiations to help value other offers. [edit]Selling a car If the seller of a car has a written offer from a dealership to buy the sellers car for $1,000, then the sellers BATNA when dealing with other potential purchasers would be $1,000 since the seller can get $1,000 for the car even without reaching an agreement with an alternative purchaser. In this example, other offers that illustrate the difficulty of valuing qualitative factors might include: An offer of $900 by a close relative An offer of $1,100 in 45 days (what are the chances of this future commitment falling through, and would the sellers prior BATNA (the $1,000 offer from the dealership) still be available if it did? ) An offer from another dealer to offset $1,500 against the price of a new car (does the seller want to buy a new car right now, and the offered car in particular? ) [edit]Purchasing Buyers are often able to leverage their BATNA with regards to prices. This is done through buying from the lowest cost or best value seller. [edit]See also Getting to YES Getting past No Conflict resolution research Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell [edit]References ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement | Negotiation Experts ^ Negotiation, Readings, Exercises and Cases, Roy J. Lewicki ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fisher and Ury, Roger and William (2011). Getting to YES. Penguin Books. pp. 1–170. ISBN 978-0143118756. ^ Myerson, Roger B. Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory. Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory. Journal of Economic Literature. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ Hawkins and Steiner, Jeff and Neil. The Nash Equilibrium Meets Batna. Gamed Therory Varied Ueses in ADR. Harvard University Press. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ a b Nolan-Haley, Jaqueline M (2001). Alternative Dipute Resolution in a Nutshel. Thomson West. pp. 39–50. ISBN ISBN 978-0314180148. ^ Honeyman and Schneider, Andrea and Chistopher (2006). The Negotiators Fieldbook: Desktop Reference. American Bar Association. pp. 200–300. ISBN 978-1590315453. ^ Gulliver, P. H (1979). Disputes and Negotiation: A Cross Culture Perspective. Academic Press. p. 287. ^ Brett and Gelfand, Jeanne and Michael (2004). The Handbook of Negotiations and

John F. Kennedy, and his assassination essays

John F. Kennedy, and his assassination essays John F. Kennedy, president of the United States, was assassinated during his presidency. There were four presidential assassinations in U. S history. Lincoln was assassinated first in 1965, then Garfield in 1881, then McKinley, and our most recent assassination in history was Kennedy in 1963, in Dallas Texas. This paper will focus of JFK and his assassination. John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, he was the second oldest of nine. He had five sisters, and three brothers, Joseph, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Edward. John, Edward and Robert entered into politics. The Kennedy family had been active in politics. Rose Kennedy was the daughter of John F. Fitzgerald, who, as mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, was known as Honey Fitz. At the age of 13, he went to a private school called Canterbury, in New Milford, Connecticut, but he became sick and had to drop out. Then he graduated from Choate Preparatory School in Willingford, Connecticut. Then he entered Princeton University, but then he got ill again and had to drop out, so the he went to Harvard University. He then attended Stanford University after he graduated from Harvard, and he attended for a year and then traveled to South America. John F. Kennedy was on of nine children. He was number two in the Kennedy family. John had five sisters, and three brothers. The sisters were Jean, Patricia, Eunice, Kathleen, and Rosemary. The brothers were Ted, Robert, Joe jr. Johns father, Joseph, was the Ambassador to England. The long lines of relatives were some how associated with politics. Kennedys brother Robert ran for a seat in the Senate, and when he was in the primary in California, he was assassinated. This put and ends to his running for president. Ted Kennedy, still alive today is a senator of Massachusetts. John, as we know was the 35th president of the United States, and was assassinated in 1963. ...

Private Security Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Please briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or work experiences - Essay Example One of the important information that I gained in the business is ensuring safety in the workplace. Oil is highly flammable and it is an important matter to secure all the areas to avoid accidents which could damage the company or worse, kill people. One of the vital things one has to check daily in the oil business is leaks, to keep the working environment safe. The business has a lot of delicate and meticulous jobs and the information I gained in my few months stay with the oil company has been very limited. Nevertheless, I believe it is a good start for me as I continue to consider the processes I have to go through to gain all the knowledge and skills I need in managing my own oil company. One thing is for sure, that the experience I gained from the work was illuminating and it has strengthened my will power all the more to continue in pursuing my

Planning and Management of Conferences

Planning and Management of Conferences Manjot Singh Conference: It resembles a formal social gathering between the general populations to share their perspectives on a specific subject. For example, in business and political stream diverse gathering held to discuss the issues with the goal that they can resolve it effectively Conference Management:   It is the way toward dealing with a venture, for example, a meeting, tradition, tradeshow, group building action, gathering, or tradition. Occasion arranging incorporates planning, building up timetables, selecting and saving the occasion locales, obtaining licenses, arranging sustenance, organizing transportation, building up a subject, orchestrating exercises, selecting speakers and keynotes, masterminding hardware and offices, overseeing danger, and creating alternate courses of action. Maintain Conferences Management with Tools: There are some best tools which can be used for managing are explained below: Mitingu: Cloud-based occasion administration programming that gives occasion coordinators the apparatuses to make, advance and offer their occasions Double Dutch: Twofold Dutch makes portable applications for occasions, intended to connect with and please participants and create noteworthy achievement measurements Event rit: Occasion ceremony gives financially savvy occasion administration programming to help organizations sort out and offer tickets to occasions online-while peopling find occasions that fuel their interests. From patio grills to classes to gatherings to widely acclaimed film and music celebrations, Occasion custom houses occasions of all shapes and sizes. As one of todays driving occasion administration stages, Occasion ritual conveys inventive innovation and low expenses and if your occasion is free, so is Occasion custom. Take in more. Ivy Occasion Administration: Our Undertaking class, cloud-based Gathering and Occasions Administration programming furnishes occasion coordinators with every one of the devices they have to arrange, showcase and deal with each part of their occasion effectively and all in one place. From basic classes to multi-session meetings, we have you secured. With instinctive programming, delightful web and email formats, and our new move and customize site manufacturer it is simple for anybody to make proficient looking occasion sites and messages. O-Tux: O-Tux is an Australian-based Sales ticketing and enrolment framework that provides food for purchaser, business and corporate occasions. The framework is intended to be simple for coordinators to utilize, while conveying a finish ticketing and enrolment encounter for your clients. From identification printing and filtering, to limited time codes and installing of ticketing all alone site, O-tux is brimming with helpful elements since it was composed by occasions individuals, for occasions individuals. Policies and Procedure: There are some very important policies which one should take care to plan the conference: Anti-Discrimination Policy:   It should be necessary for any conference because the main purpose of this is equality and there are certain steps to follow this Uphold proper principles of direct at all times. create a separation and badgering free workplace where all representatives, temporary workers and clients are treated with politeness and regard implement methods to ensure workers know their rights and duties provide a viable system for grumblings in light of the standards of regular equity treat all grumblings with deference in a reasonable, opportune and secret way ensure there is no danger of exploitation or backlash in case of a dissension encourage workers to report ruptures of the counter separation approach Assignments Strategy: It is likewise the real one to take after on the grounds that this approach which is given to the a particular position or an individual They are given to classified positions wherever conceivable with a much littler number of individual positions practicing particular duties identified with the utilitarian part and power of their specific position. The appointments archive is surveyed every year with a view to enhancing its utility and pertinence to the authoritative structure of the College. The designations in this instrument are intended to: A be clear and straightforward; b. establish fitting procedures of duty and responsibility for different regulatory capacities; c. Devolve basic leadership to suitable levels. †¢By determination of the Leading body of Trustees these appointments produce results on and from 1 January 2016 subject to any further revision. They supplant any surviving assignments in past adaptations of this Appointments archive. You have selected the maximum of 4 products toBudget: It is the most important factor because budgeting is very serious. The whole business depends on this category and one should need to learn how to save more money. A project budget is the total sum of money allocated for the particular purpose of the project for a specific period of time. The goal of budget management is to control project costs within the approved budget and deliver the expected project goals that are why it is so important every person and family create a budget that works for them. Item Projected Real Fixed costs Site hire $6000 $6000 Orator fees $300 $150 Publicity $600 $400 Acoustic visual hire $100 $350 Total $7000 $7700 Variable costs Cookery $500 $400 Present bags $1500 $1200 Accommodate hire $1000 $800 Total $3000 $2400 Fixed income Organisations contribution $5000 $5500 Total $5000 $5500 Variable income Permit sales $2000 $1700 Track material $3000 $400 Total $5000 $2100 Strategies for Budget: Strategies of budgeting is important factor which involves clearly defining the organizations mission and an assessment of its current state and competitive landscape. Strategic planning also requires a well-thought out plan for how to properly allocate time, human capital and financial resources. The different strategies are explained below: Recognized settled cost: The principal thing anybody hoping to make a financial plan ought to do is make a rundown of costs. This incorporates things, for example, voyaging costs, convenience, bills and whatever else that cant be maintained a strategic distance from, alongside superfluous costs like stimulation and eating out. Assess the amount you ordinarily spend on each, and make a note alongside them. When this is finished, investigate the rundown. Approximation Profit: Then we need to gauge our wage. Wage can likewise be altered or variable. Altered pay alludes to salary that does not vary with the quantity of participants, for instance: sponsorship and so on. Variable earnings will vary with the quantity of participants, for instance: ticket deals and so forth. Parts of a Financial Plan: An ace spending plan is the money related report utilized for anticipating the salary and costs of an organization, instead of a division, item, or other territory of a business. From the ace spending plan, a little entrepreneur can build up an assortment of reports to set particular objectives for the business. The real parts of an ace spending plan incorporate wage and costs, overhead and creation costs, and the month to month, yearly, normal, and projection aggregates. Income: One of the two fundamental parts of an ace spending plan is salary. This incorporates your deals, as well as any premium, profits, eminences or other capital increases you win. In the event that you wont utilize these last types of salary to run your organization, abandon them off your lord spending plan, making it a working spending plan concentrated on pay from deals. Some ace spending plans incorporate a terrible obligation section, figuring it utilizing a rate of the business wage. Expenses: The other primary part of an ace spending plan is costs. Some little entrepreneurs make sub-parts of their lord spending costs to figure spending ranges they can cut amid moderate times, or to ascertain generation and overhead expenses. A settled cost is one you cant without much of a stretch change from month to month, for example, your lease, protection premium, advance instalment or copier rent. You will probably have the capacity to cut variable costs in case youre short on money, in light of the fact that a significant number of these are optional. Assign repeating variable costs you cant without much of a stretch cut, for example, utilities, telephone bills or work, uniquely in contrast to variable costs you cant change, so you can rapidly discover spots to cut when the need emerges. To make an adaptable spending plan, utilize recipes that change your optional spending taking into account your pay. Projections: An accommodating part of numerous financial plans is the projection adds up to segment, which demonstrates to you how youll end the year in the event that you keep performing at your present levels of pay and spending. These can be skewed on the off chance that you have substantial cost or pay sums ahead of schedule in the year. Taking a gander at your execution for a specific month ordinarily isnt a practical pointer of your general execution, since you will have more bills come due in a few months. Times of higher bills can incorporate the start of the year when expenses are expected, dates when quarterly protection premiums or duties are expected, or times when you have occasional deals crests and valleys. Averaging your month to month pay and costs can help you anticipate your yearly execution in the event that you dont have occasional swings and your costs are genuinely relentless. Planning Conference:   Itis very important to handle the work. Being a part of busy Conf and helping conference organizers take their event from idea to launch has shown me that this is true. One of the difficult parts of planning a conference is finding resources to help you organize your event that are affordable, or even free. To save you time when searching for resources, we have compiled a list of conference planning resources that can help you find a venue, book speakers, promote your event, and more. Finding a Setting: Finding and booking a scene can be a distressing background, particularly for first-time gathering coordinators. Leasing a scene is frequently the greatest cost included when arranging a gathering. These instruments make finding and booking settings in your general vicinity less complex and less expensive. Event Hardware: Gear rentals are nearly as distressing as finding a setting. Leasing hardware is frequently costly and tedious. On the off chance that your occasion needs complex sound and visual hardware, leasing and setting it up can be troublesome.   These administrations help occasion coordinators find and set up gear. Event Sponsorship: Occasions are costly, and without enough sponsorship cash and a careful spending plan, your arrangements may very well come up short because of an absence of assets. Discovering supporters is something that a great deal of first time coordinators battle with. These assets will help you raise cash for your occasion, discover supports, and make a financial plan. Milestones of Conference: A Milestone is a reference point that marks a major event in a project and is used to monitor the projects progress. The milestones for a project should present a clear sequence of events that will incrementally build up to the completion of the approved project. Expand Proclamation: As we realize that, each individual attempt to enhance his relational abilities. By this he can enhance his identity. Along these lines, the meeting is the most ideal route for each business part to enhance his relational abilities. Moving into Future: If the organization needs to move persistently in future then the gatherings ought to be essential for this on the grounds that by this they can give the more data in market about its items, strategies and methods. Produce Income: Each organization needs to acquire increasingly income. At that point the gathering is likewise the most ideal approach to procure income. Amplify Relations in Market: If the organization needs to build its relations in the market then the gatherings ought to be important in light of the fact that by this each organization can enhance its relations with shareholders, indebted individuals, loan bosses and so forth.

The Detrimental Effects of Traditional Bullying and Cyber Bullying Ess

We have all heard the phrase â€Å"sticks and stones may break my bones but words can never hurt me† on the playground or school bus ride home. The phrase was normally thrown out to bullies during a fight in the schoolyard, pushes in the hall, food thrown in the cafeteria, or during the endless teasing and taunting on bus rides to/from school. According to a national survey conducted by the National Center for Education Services, U.S. Department of Education in 2002, 32% of students in grades 6-12 reported being bullied. Only 9% reported injuries or needing medical attention. Fast forward to 2011 when these same victims of traditional bullying are now college-aged. After suffering the detrimental effects of their traditional bullying experiences, these same individuals now face a new form of bullying with the help of technology: cyber bullying. With the help of high-tech methods of communication, bullies are targeting their victims in non-traditional forms; not with a push or punch thrown, but with words. Words, after all, do have meaning. â€Å"If they didn't, there would be no such thing as understandable communication. If words did not matter, why would anyone write a poem, a book, an article, or song lyrics? Why would we try to talk to each other, if words did not matter? Why do advertisers go to such pains to develop the right phrases in order to sell their products, or songwriters and authors spend time rewriting and rewriting until they get their ideas expressed in just the right way? Words are what we use to convey deeply held feelings, beliefs, and ideas.† (Whittemore, 2009) Words can cut like a knife through our souls and leave scars for a lifetime. Who has not been hurt by a loved one who spouted off in a fi... ...curity-Technology/News/2009/10/31/Campus-Police-Scrutinized-for-Role-in-Hazing.aspx>. 15. "Bullying Statistics / Cyber Bullying Statistics / School Bullying Statistics." How to Stop Bullying: Stop the Harassment before It Causes Permanent Damage. 2009. Web. 4 Nov. 2010. http://www.how-to-stop-bullying.com/bullyingstatistics.html 16. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (April 24, 2001)/ Survey finds bullying widespread in U.S. schools. 17. National Association of Attorneys General. (2000). Bruised Inside: What Our Children Say About Youth Violence, What Caused It, and What We Should Do About It. 18. Whittemore, Becky. Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones (But Words Can Do Even More Damage. Associated Content. 17, March 2009. 15 February 2011. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1571788/sticks_and_stones_may_break_my_bones.html?cat=41